Overview
SourcedConduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements.
O*NET definition of Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers (SOC 23-1021) · Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed.
Titles employers use
Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025 — national estimates by ownership; U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database; GovJobs Wiki (editorial). Data captured September 30, 2026.
Requirements
Sourced- Education needed to enter
- Doctoral or professional degree
- Related work experience
- 5 years or more
- On-the-job training
- Short-term on-the-job training
Education workers say the job requires
Share of surveyed workers in Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers (SOC 23-1021) naming each level as required to be hired, 25 respondents, O*NET survey August 2020. Each employer sets its own minimum.
Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — education and training assignments by detailed occupation (Tables 5.3, 5.4); U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database. Data captured September 30, 2026.
How to get hired
SourcedJudges and hearing officers typically need a law degree and work experience as a lawyer.
From the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook profile “Judges and Hearing Officers”, published August 27, 2026 · Read the full profile. National guidance; each employer runs its own hiring process.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2025–35 edition (XML compilation). Data captured September 30, 2026.
Academy and training
Sourced- SOC 23-1021
- Short-term on-the-job training
- Job zone
- Extensive Preparation Needed
Academy length, curriculum and paid-training policies are set by each employer and state; they are part of the employer collection stage.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — education and training assignments by detailed occupation (Tables 5.3, 5.4). Data captured September 30, 2026.
Promotion ladder
EditorialFixed salary (elected, appointed or per diem): pay set per position by statute, ordinance, board, contract or per-diem rate. Typical structure for a elected, appointed or per-diem position; titles, steps and timing differ by employer.
- Pay set per position by statute, ordinance, board, contract or per-diem/per-course rate (no ladder — compare peers)
Source: GovJobs Wiki (editorial).
Pay
SourcedPay for this position is set position by position — by law, ordinance, a board or an appointing authority — so it varies widely. The figures below describe the whole occupation code SOC 23-1021 (Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers) in government, not this position specifically.
Median annual wage by employer type, national, May 2025. Federal includes the U.S. Postal Service; state and local include public schools and hospitals.
| Employer type | Workers | 10th pct. | 25th | Median | 75th | 90th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal | 5,090 | $86,200 | $113,440 | $135,700 | $195,190 | $207,480 |
| State | 8,630 | $59,590 | $76,720 | $105,940 | $157,450 | $234,430 |
| Local | 2,570 | $48,240 | $65,220 | $94,880 | $130,960 | $147,320 |
| All government | 16,290 | $61,250 | $81,340 | $117,860 | $159,940 | $207,480 |
| Private sector | Not published | $48,000 | $56,470 | $66,530 | $82,310 | $104,950 |
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025 — national estimates by ownership. Data captured September 30, 2026.
State government pay plans
Official pay ranges for the job classes that match Administrative Law Judge / Hearing Officer in 32 state civil-service plans. They cover state employees only, not cities, counties or school districts.
| State | Job classes in the state plan | Annual range |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Admin Law Judge 1 class · effective September 1, 2026 · Alabama State Personnel Department | $88,087 – $148,210 |
| Arizona | Hearing Officer 2–4, Administrative Law Judge 4 classes · effective July 9, 2022 · Arizona Department of Administration, Human Resources Division | $40,496 – $110,235 |
| Arkansas | Hearing Officer, Administrative Law Judge 2 classes · effective July 1, 2025 · Arkansas Department of Shared Administrative Services, Office of Personnel Management | $52,137 – $169,298 |
| California | Administrative Law Judge, Administrative Law Judge, Public Utilities Commission, Senior Administrative Law Judge 3 classes · effective September 14, 2026 · California Department of Human Resources (CalHR) | $127,056 – $192,144 |
| Colorado | Hearings Officer I–III, Administrative Law Judge I–III 6 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Colorado Department of Personnel & Administration, Division of Human Resources (DHR) | $53,940 – $170,856 |
| Florida | Hearing Officer, Administrative Law Judge 2 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Florida Department of Management Services (DMS), State Human Resource Management | $74,222 – $182,427 |
| Georgia | Administrative Law Judge, Administrative Law Judge Non Exempt 2 classes · effective July 10, 2024 · Georgia Department of Administrative Services (DOAS), Human Resources Administration — Compensation | $85,508 – $142,140 |
| Idaho | Hearing Officer 1 class · effective June 8, 2025 · Idaho Division of Human Resources | $56,410 – $112,840 |
| Illinois | Hearings Referee, Hearings Referee - Intermittent 2 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Illinois Department of Central Management Services | $96,720 – $158,454 |
| Indiana | Hearings Examiner 1 class · Indiana State Personnel Department | $47,320 – $68,614 |
| Iowa | Administrative Law Judge 1–3 4 classes · effective June 19, 2026 · Iowa Department of Administrative Services | $81,203 – $149,302 |
| Kentucky | Administrative Hearing Officer I–II 2 classes · effective September 16, 2026 · Kentucky Personnel Cabinet | $44,074 – $51,715 |
| Louisiana | Administrative Law Judge--Entry, Administrative Law Judge, Administrative Law Judge--Advanced 3 classes · effective March 3, 2025 · Louisiana Department of State Civil Service | $40,144 – $96,533 |
| Maine | Hearings Examiner, Hearings Officer 2 classes · effective August 30, 2026 · Maine Department of Administrative and Financial Services, Bureau of Human Resources | $58,802 – $91,354 |
| Maryland | Admin Law Judge 1 class · effective July 1, 2026 · Maryland Department of Budget and Management (DBM) | $113,157 – $178,453 |
| Mississippi | Hearings Officer I–III 3 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Mississippi State Personnel Board | $33,600 – $83,347 |
| Nebraska | Hearing Officer 2 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Nebraska Department of Administrative Services, State Personnel Division | $66,208 – $95,882 |
| Nevada | Hearings Officer 1 class · effective July 1, 2026 · Nevada Department of Administration, Division of Human Resource Management (DHRM) | $67,296 – $100,099 |
| New Jersey | Hearing Officer 1–2, Administrative Law Judge 3 classes · effective July 11, 2026 · New Jersey Civil Service Commission | $79,844 – $134,900 |
| New Mexico | Associate Hearing Officer, Hearing Officer, Senior Hearing Officer 3 classes · effective July 4, 2026 · New Mexico State Personnel Office (SPO), Compensation and Classification | $51,755 – $113,663 |
| New York | Hearing Officer 1–4, Hearing Examiner 5 classes · effective April 1, 2026 · New York State Department of Civil Service | $100,671 – $168,152 |
| North Carolina | Hearings Officer I–II 2 classes · effective February 1, 2026 · North Carolina Office of State Human Resources (OSHR) | $50,088 – $92,036 |
| Ohio | Administrative Law Judge 1 class · effective July 1, 2026 · Ohio Department of Administrative Services (DAS), Classification & Compensation | $92,310 – $131,893 |
| Oklahoma | Administrative Hearing Officer I–IV, Administrative Law Judge I–V 9 classes · effective August 30, 2026 · Oklahoma Office of Management and Enterprise Services (OMES), Human Capital Management | $36,784 – $364,919 |
| Oregon | Administrative Law Judge 1–3 | $64,740 – $181,644 |
| Pennsylvania | Hearing Examiner, Corrections, Administrative Law Judge, PLCB 2 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Office of Administration | $69,086 – $156,167 |
| South Carolina | Hearings Officer | $53,142 – $90,372 |
| Texas | Hearings Officer I–V, Administrative Law Judge I–IV 9 classes · effective September 1, 2025 · Texas State Auditor's Office (SAO), State Classification Team | $51,158 – $156,612 |
| Utah | Hearing Officer - Driver License Division, Hearing Officer, Youth Parole Authority, Hearing Officer, Non-POST, Board of Pardons, +6 more 11 classes · effective November 22, 2025 · Utah Department of Government Operations, Division of Human Resource Management (DHRM) | $41,642 – $164,944 |
| Vermont | Hearings Examiner 1 class · effective July 12, 2026 · Vermont Department of Human Resources | $58,344 – $91,104 |
| West Virginia | Hearings Examiner, Administrative Law Judge 1–2 3 classes · effective August 24, 2024 · West Virginia Department of Administration, Division of Personnel | $43,357 – $117,760 |
| Wyoming | Hearing Officer, Senior Hearing Examiner 2 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Wyoming Department of Administration & Information, Human Resources Division | $64,938 – $149,739 |
Lowest class minimum to highest class maximum. Hourly rates are converted at 2,080 hours a year, and other rates at the plan's pay periods; the plans publish the exact rates. Classes are matched to this job by title (GovJobsWiki editorial rule).
Sources: 32 official state pay plans, linked in each row.
Schedule
SourcedShare of surveyed workers in the occupation (O*NET work context, August 2026). Shift patterns and differentials depend on the employer.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database. Data captured September 30, 2026.
Day-to-day work
Sourced- Monitor and direct the activities of trials and hearings to ensure that they are conducted fairly and that courts administer justice while safeguarding the legal rights of all involved parties.5.0
- Prepare written opinions and decisions.4.9
- Conduct hearings to review and decide claims regarding issues, such as social program eligibility, environmental protection, or enforcement of health and safety regulations.4.8
- Rule on exceptions, motions, and admissibility of evidence.4.6
- Research and analyze laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions to prepare for hearings and to determine conclusions.4.6
- Determine existence and amount of liability according to current laws, administrative and judicial precedents, and available evidence.4.5
- Issue subpoenas and administer oaths in preparation for formal hearings.4.2
- Explain to claimants how they can appeal rulings that go against them.4.1
- Schedule hearings.3.9
- Review and evaluate data on documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records.3.7
The 10 most important of 10 core tasks for Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers, ranked by importance (1–5) in the O*NET survey of August 2026.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database. Data captured September 30, 2026.
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State versions: 51 states. Pick yours:
Source: Open Exam Prep, Open Exam Prep free practice tests. Data captured October 1, 2026. Each link was opened and its exam title checked on the date shown.
By state
SourcedMedian annual wage for Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers (SOC 23-1021) in each state, all employers (BLS state estimates do not separate government from private). Highest first.
| State | Workers | 10th pct. | Median | 90th pct. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| District of Columbia | 300 | $107,050 | $181,060 | $207,480 |
| Indiana | 70 | $89,440 | $145,290 | $207,480 |
| Alabama | 70 | $76,160 | $134,810 | $207,480 |
| Maryland | 430 | $62,390 | $133,460 | $203,990 |
| Wisconsin | 60 | $92,660 | $132,250 | $207,480 |
| North Carolina | 260 | $78,890 | $129,960 | $207,480 |
| Missouri | 160 | $74,980 | $129,670 | $207,480 |
| New Jersey | 330 | $87,130 | $128,320 | $184,120 |
| Michigan | 390 | $61,550 | $127,420 | $207,480 |
| Kansas | 40 | $108,890 | $126,570 | $207,480 |
| Louisiana | 140 | $61,110 | $126,440 | $224,240 |
| Minnesota | 120 | $83,280 | $126,360 | $158,390 |
| Iowa | 80 | $78,810 | $123,500 | $143,490 |
| Arizona | 300 | $76,480 | $123,240 | $169,330 |
| New York | 1,400 | $87,130 | $123,170 | $166,320 |
| Oklahoma | 90 | $63,630 | $122,930 | $207,480 |
| Washington | 330 | $98,350 | $122,390 | $181,940 |
| Colorado | 220 | $77,950 | $121,410 | $207,480 |
| Nebraska | 30 | $92,480 | $117,060 | $207,480 |
| Florida | 570 | $73,920 | $115,920 | $207,480 |
| Massachusetts | 270 | $82,620 | $113,750 | $183,350 |
| Tennessee | 380 | $41,740 | $107,740 | $207,480 |
| Hawaii | 50 | $79,860 | $106,480 | $139,480 |
| Illinois | 550 | $59,990 | $104,990 | $180,960 |
| Utah | 190 | $57,390 | $103,380 | $176,050 |
| Texas | 1,300 | $45,450 | $100,400 | $161,700 |
| Pennsylvania | 800 | $67,130 | $98,010 | $160,120 |
| Connecticut | 300 | $78,520 | $95,310 | $154,560 |
| South Carolina | 130 | $55,480 | $94,880 | $207,480 |
| Oregon | 480 | $64,130 | $89,220 | $166,040 |
| Nevada | 170 | $61,480 | $87,240 | $150,510 |
| Montana | 90 | $48,280 | $83,910 | $129,440 |
| New Mexico | 140 | $53,680 | $80,800 | $196,660 |
| Ohio | 690 | $57,530 | $79,000 | $160,370 |
| West Virginia | 90 | $51,570 | $78,870 | $187,990 |
| Maine | 120 | $60,280 | $75,960 | $147,390 |
| Georgia | 490 | $48,930 | $67,990 | $195,190 |
| Mississippi | 110 | $38,910 | $66,310 | $207,480 |
| Idaho | 110 | $59,840 | $65,050 | $115,920 |
| Arkansas | 340 | $45,610 | $63,660 | $121,260 |
| Delaware | 70 | $40,540 | $56,830 | $127,730 |
41 states with published estimates.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025 — state estimates. Data captured September 30, 2026.
Not yet collected
These dimensions are part of every job page. We publish them only once they are sourced from official documents such as job postings, pay plans, union contracts and state standards.
- 05 ProbationNot yet collectedProbation length and what ends it
- 09 Benefits and pensionNot yet collectedPension plan and formula, retirement age and years, DROP, retiree health, Social Security coverage, 457(b) and PSLF eligibility
- 10 Union contractsNot yet collectedBargaining unit, union and the current contract, with its source and effective dates
- 11 Transfers and lateral entryNot yet collectedLateral entry policy, certification reciprocity, lateral bonuses and moves between agencies
- 15 Employer directoryNot yet collectedEvery public employer that hires this job, with its own pay and rules