Job title · SOC 23-1021

Administrative Law Judge / Hearing Officer

Also known as: administrative law judge, hearing officer

01

Overview

Sourced

Conduct hearings to recommend or make decisions on claims concerning government programs or other government-related matters. Determine liability, sanctions, or penalties, or recommend the acceptance or rejection of claims or settlements.

O*NET definition of Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers (SOC 23-1021) · Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed.

16,290
in government (SOC 23-1021)
—
of this occupation works for government
Set per position
pay set by law, ordinance or board
Federal · State
levels of government

Titles employers use

Administrative Hearings OfficerAdministrative JudgeAdministrative Law JudgeHearings OfficerAdjudications SpecialistAdjudicatorAppeals ExaminerAppeals RefereeClaims AdjudicatorWorkers' Compensation Hearings Officer
How people usually get in Editorial
JD + bar admission + litigation experience; agency selection (federal ALJs moved to Schedule E in 2018). Requirements vary by employer; each employer page will list its exact rules.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025 — national estimates by ownership; U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database; GovJobs Wiki (editorial). Data captured September 30, 2026.

02

Requirements

Sourced
Typical entry requirements (BLS, SOC 23-1021)
Education needed to enter
Doctoral or professional degree
Related work experience
5 years or more
On-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training

Education workers say the job requires

Some College Courses
11%
Associate's Degree or other 2-year degree
11%
Bachelor's Degree
20%
Master's Degree
1%
First Professional Degree
14%
Doctoral Degree
37%
Post-Doctoral Training
5%

Share of surveyed workers in Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers (SOC 23-1021) naming each level as required to be hired, 25 respondents, O*NET survey August 2020. Each employer sets its own minimum.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — education and training assignments by detailed occupation (Tables 5.3, 5.4); U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database. Data captured September 30, 2026.

03

How to get hired

Sourced

Judges and hearing officers typically need a law degree and work experience as a lawyer.

From the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook profile “Judges and Hearing Officers”, published August 27, 2026 · Read the full profile. National guidance; each employer runs its own hiring process.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2025–35 edition (XML compilation). Data captured September 30, 2026.

04

Academy and training

Sourced
Training to become competent (BLS)
SOC 23-1021
Short-term on-the-job training
Preparation level (O*NET)
Job zone
Extensive Preparation Needed

Academy length, curriculum and paid-training policies are set by each employer and state; they are part of the employer collection stage.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — education and training assignments by detailed occupation (Tables 5.3, 5.4). Data captured September 30, 2026.

06

Promotion ladder

Editorial

Fixed salary (elected, appointed or per diem): pay set per position by statute, ordinance, board, contract or per-diem rate. Typical structure for a elected, appointed or per-diem position; titles, steps and timing differ by employer.

  1. Pay set per position by statute, ordinance, board, contract or per-diem/per-course rate (no ladder — compare peers)

Source: GovJobs Wiki (editorial).

07

Pay

Sourced

Pay for this position is set position by position — by law, ordinance, a board or an appointing authority — so it varies widely. The figures below describe the whole occupation code SOC 23-1021 (Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers) in government, not this position specifically.

Federal
$135,700
State
$105,940
Local
$94,880
All government
$117,860
Private sector
$66,530

Median annual wage by employer type, national, May 2025. Federal includes the U.S. Postal Service; state and local include public schools and hospitals.

Employer typeWorkers10th pct.25thMedian75th90th
Federal5,090$86,200$113,440$135,700$195,190$207,480
State8,630$59,590$76,720$105,940$157,450$234,430
Local2,570$48,240$65,220$94,880$130,960$147,320
All government16,290$61,250$81,340$117,860$159,940$207,480
Private sectorNot published$48,000$56,470$66,530$82,310$104,950

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025 — national estimates by ownership. Data captured September 30, 2026.

State government pay plans

Official pay ranges for the job classes that match Administrative Law Judge / Hearing Officer in 32 state civil-service plans. They cover state employees only, not cities, counties or school districts.

StateJob classes in the state planAnnual range
AlabamaAdmin Law Judge
1 class · effective September 1, 2026 · Alabama State Personnel Department
$88,087 – $148,210
ArizonaHearing Officer 2–4, Administrative Law Judge$40,496 – $110,235
ArkansasHearing Officer, Administrative Law Judge$52,137 – $169,298
CaliforniaAdministrative Law Judge, Administrative Law Judge, Public Utilities Commission, Senior Administrative Law Judge
3 classes · effective September 14, 2026 · California Department of Human Resources (CalHR)
$127,056 – $192,144
ColoradoHearings Officer I–III, Administrative Law Judge I–III$53,940 – $170,856
FloridaHearing Officer, Administrative Law Judge$74,222 – $182,427
GeorgiaAdministrative Law Judge, Administrative Law Judge Non Exempt$85,508 – $142,140
IdahoHearing Officer
1 class · effective June 8, 2025 · Idaho Division of Human Resources
$56,410 – $112,840
IllinoisHearings Referee, Hearings Referee - Intermittent
2 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Illinois Department of Central Management Services
$96,720 – $158,454
IndianaHearings Examiner$47,320 – $68,614
IowaAdministrative Law Judge 1–3
4 classes · effective June 19, 2026 · Iowa Department of Administrative Services
$81,203 – $149,302
KentuckyAdministrative Hearing Officer I–II
2 classes · effective September 16, 2026 · Kentucky Personnel Cabinet
$44,074 – $51,715
LouisianaAdministrative Law Judge--Entry, Administrative Law Judge, Administrative Law Judge--Advanced
3 classes · effective March 3, 2025 · Louisiana Department of State Civil Service
$40,144 – $96,533
MaineHearings Examiner, Hearings Officer$58,802 – $91,354
MarylandAdmin Law Judge
1 class · effective July 1, 2026 · Maryland Department of Budget and Management (DBM)
$113,157 – $178,453
MississippiHearings Officer I–III
3 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Mississippi State Personnel Board
$33,600 – $83,347
NebraskaHearing Officer$66,208 – $95,882
NevadaHearings Officer$67,296 – $100,099
New JerseyHearing Officer 1–2, Administrative Law Judge
3 classes · effective July 11, 2026 · New Jersey Civil Service Commission
$79,844 – $134,900
New MexicoAssociate Hearing Officer, Hearing Officer, Senior Hearing Officer$51,755 – $113,663
New YorkHearing Officer 1–4, Hearing Examiner
5 classes · effective April 1, 2026 · New York State Department of Civil Service
$100,671 – $168,152
North CarolinaHearings Officer I–II
2 classes · effective February 1, 2026 · North Carolina Office of State Human Resources (OSHR)
$50,088 – $92,036
OhioAdministrative Law Judge$92,310 – $131,893
OklahomaAdministrative Hearing Officer I–IV, Administrative Law Judge I–V$36,784 – $364,919
OregonAdministrative Law Judge 1–3$64,740 – $181,644
PennsylvaniaHearing Examiner, Corrections, Administrative Law Judge, PLCB
2 classes · effective July 1, 2026 · Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Office of Administration
$69,086 – $156,167
South CarolinaHearings Officer$53,142 – $90,372
TexasHearings Officer I–V, Administrative Law Judge I–IV
9 classes · effective September 1, 2025 · Texas State Auditor's Office (SAO), State Classification Team
$51,158 – $156,612
UtahHearing Officer - Driver License Division, Hearing Officer, Youth Parole Authority, Hearing Officer, Non-POST, Board of Pardons, +6 more$41,642 – $164,944
VermontHearings Examiner
1 class · effective July 12, 2026 · Vermont Department of Human Resources
$58,344 – $91,104
West VirginiaHearings Examiner, Administrative Law Judge 1–2$43,357 – $117,760
WyomingHearing Officer, Senior Hearing Examiner$64,938 – $149,739

Lowest class minimum to highest class maximum. Hourly rates are converted at 2,080 hours a year, and other rates at the plan's pay periods; the plans publish the exact rates. Classes are matched to this job by title (GovJobsWiki editorial rule).

Sources: 32 official state pay plans, linked in each row.

08

Schedule

Sourced
Work schedule
Regular
89%
Irregular
11%
Seasonal
0%
Typical work week
Less than 40 hours
14%
40 hours
60%
More than 40 hours
26%

Share of surveyed workers in the occupation (O*NET work context, August 2026). Shift patterns and differentials depend on the employer.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database. Data captured September 30, 2026.

12

Day-to-day work

Sourced
  1. Monitor and direct the activities of trials and hearings to ensure that they are conducted fairly and that courts administer justice while safeguarding the legal rights of all involved parties.5.0
  2. Prepare written opinions and decisions.4.9
  3. Conduct hearings to review and decide claims regarding issues, such as social program eligibility, environmental protection, or enforcement of health and safety regulations.4.8
  4. Rule on exceptions, motions, and admissibility of evidence.4.6
  5. Research and analyze laws, regulations, policies, and precedent decisions to prepare for hearings and to determine conclusions.4.6
  6. Determine existence and amount of liability according to current laws, administrative and judicial precedents, and available evidence.4.5
  7. Issue subpoenas and administer oaths in preparation for formal hearings.4.2
  8. Explain to claimants how they can appeal rulings that go against them.4.1
  9. Schedule hearings.3.9
  10. Review and evaluate data on documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records.3.7

The 10 most important of 10 core tasks for Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers, ranked by importance (1–5) in the O*NET survey of August 2026.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), O*NET 31.0 Database. Data captured September 30, 2026.

13Derived
14

Exams and free practice tests

Sourced

Free practice tests

State versions: 51 states. Pick yours:

Source: Open Exam Prep, Open Exam Prep free practice tests. Data captured October 1, 2026. Each link was opened and its exam title checked on the date shown.

16

By state

Sourced

Median annual wage for Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers (SOC 23-1021) in each state, all employers (BLS state estimates do not separate government from private). Highest first.

StateWorkers10th pct.Median90th pct.
District of Columbia300$107,050$181,060$207,480
Indiana70$89,440$145,290$207,480
Alabama70$76,160$134,810$207,480
Maryland430$62,390$133,460$203,990
Wisconsin60$92,660$132,250$207,480
North Carolina260$78,890$129,960$207,480
Missouri160$74,980$129,670$207,480
New Jersey330$87,130$128,320$184,120
Michigan390$61,550$127,420$207,480
Kansas40$108,890$126,570$207,480
Louisiana140$61,110$126,440$224,240
Minnesota120$83,280$126,360$158,390
Iowa80$78,810$123,500$143,490
Arizona300$76,480$123,240$169,330
New York1,400$87,130$123,170$166,320
Oklahoma90$63,630$122,930$207,480
Washington330$98,350$122,390$181,940
Colorado220$77,950$121,410$207,480
Nebraska30$92,480$117,060$207,480
Florida570$73,920$115,920$207,480
Massachusetts270$82,620$113,750$183,350
Tennessee380$41,740$107,740$207,480
Hawaii50$79,860$106,480$139,480
Illinois550$59,990$104,990$180,960
Utah190$57,390$103,380$176,050
Texas1,300$45,450$100,400$161,700
Pennsylvania800$67,130$98,010$160,120
Connecticut300$78,520$95,310$154,560
South Carolina130$55,480$94,880$207,480
Oregon480$64,130$89,220$166,040
Nevada170$61,480$87,240$150,510
Montana90$48,280$83,910$129,440
New Mexico140$53,680$80,800$196,660
Ohio690$57,530$79,000$160,370
West Virginia90$51,570$78,870$187,990
Maine120$60,280$75,960$147,390
Georgia490$48,930$67,990$195,190
Mississippi110$38,910$66,310$207,480
Idaho110$59,840$65,050$115,920
Arkansas340$45,610$63,660$121,260
Delaware70$40,540$56,830$127,730

41 states with published estimates.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2025 — state estimates. Data captured September 30, 2026.

Not yet collected

These dimensions are part of every job page. We publish them only once they are sourced from official documents such as job postings, pay plans, union contracts and state standards.

  • 05 Probation
    Probation length and what ends it
    Not yet collected
  • 09 Benefits and pension
    Pension plan and formula, retirement age and years, DROP, retiree health, Social Security coverage, 457(b) and PSLF eligibility
    Not yet collected
  • 10 Union contracts
    Bargaining unit, union and the current contract, with its source and effective dates
    Not yet collected
  • 11 Transfers and lateral entry
    Lateral entry policy, certification reciprocity, lateral bonuses and moves between agencies
    Not yet collected
  • 15 Employer directory
    Every public employer that hires this job, with its own pay and rules
    Not yet collected